PEOPLE IN HISTORY          WARS, BATTLES AND REVOLUTIONS          MAP ARCHIVE          FAMOUS SPEECHES

 
 

GOVERNMENTS IN HISTORY          HISTORIC DOCUMENTS          HISTORIC PLACES AND LOCATIONS          ALL-TIME RECORDS IN HISTORY

 
 

SOURCE TEXT          SOURCE DOCUMENTS          HISTORY DICTIONARY          TIMELINES          ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS

 
   
 

HOME   -   PEOPLE IN HISTORY A-Z   -   GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR

 
   


Gaius Julius Caesar 100 - 44 BC

 

Gaius Julius Caesar 100 - 44 BC

Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar was energetic, intelligent, and generous.

Image Above

Green basanite [quartz] bust of Julius Caesar. And the British Museum comments:

This portrait is most likely an image of Caesar made fifty years or more after his murder in 44 BC. The stone is from Wadi Hamamat in Upper Egypt, and the facial structure, with high cheekbones and prominent chin, is reminiscent of many Egyptian portraits.

British Museum London


The Russian word czar and the German word kaiser derive from Julius Caesar's name.

Although he was imperator, he never ruled an empire.

See more under Forms of Governments - Empire.


As it was common and accepted in his culture, Caesar was a lover of both genders.

 

Julius Caesar's Life: 100-75 B.C.

Julius was born into a misgoverned and chaotic Rome, its streets filled with revolutions and massacres. Julius's father, Gaius Caesar, died when Julius was 16 years old. His mother's name was Aurelia. Julius decided upon a political career. In the year 84 B.C. Julius married Cornelia. Because Cornelia's folks were known as political radicals, Julius was pressured to divorce her. He refused and thought it would be a good idea to leave Italy for a while. In the year 78 Julius came back to Rome and resumed his political career as a lawyer. He also studied oratory and became an excellent public speaker.

 

Julius Caesar and the Pirates

Julius was a man of enormous pride and courage. One day, while on his way to Rhodes to study oratory, Julius was captured by pirates. Julius was outraged by the low ransom the pirates demanded for his life. So, he made them raise the amount of the ransom and told them that he, once set free, would return to kill them all. And so he did.

 

Gaius Julius Caesar, 100 - 44 B.C.
Gaius Julius Caesar

 

Julius Caesar's Life: 74-59 B.C.

Rome was at odds with  Mithradates, king of Portus. Both factions desired domination over Asia Minor. When Rome was going to annex  Bythantia, Mithradates started the  Third Mithradatic War in 74 B.C. Julius drummed up a private army and joined the fight. The war lasted until the year 63 B.C.

Cornelia died in the year 69 B.C. (or in the year 68 B.C., thanks CP for pointing this out!) and Julius moved on and married Pompeia.

In the year 68 B.C., Julius was elected  Quaestor of Farther Spain. His career took off and in 65 B.C. he was elected as one of the  Curule Aediles, and in 63 B.C. he was elected  Pontifex Maximus.

Julius was on the roll and in 62 B.C. he was elected  Praetor. In the same year he divorced Pompeia. Good things kept coming Julius's way and in the year 61 B.C. he was made Governor of Farther Spain and formed with  Pompey and  Crassus the  First Triumvirate.

Up the career ladder, Julius was made consul in the year 59 B.C. Also in the year 59 B.C. he married Calpurnia.

 

CONQUEST OF GAUL 58 - 50 B.C. - THE GALLIC WARS

In 58 BC Julius Caesar begun his conquest of Gaul. However, our knowledge of the Gallic Wars comes primarily from Julius Caesar's firsthand account, "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" (Commentaries on the Gallic War).

Caesar wrote – partly with his lieutenants – this seven-book work throughout the war, in the third person singular, with an eighth book added by his officer Aulus Hirtius. For a large part, it was written for the Roman Senate, to which, serving as proconsul from 58 to 51 BC, Caesar was accountable for his activities.

Caesar's account is our main source but presents his perspective as a military commander with personal ambition and political motivations. His narrative justifies his actions to the Roman Senate and public while enhancing his reputation.


Supporting evidence includes:

o Archaeological findings (weapons, fortifications, battle sites, coins, artifacts from Celtic/Gallic civilization)

o Brief mentions in other Roman works by Cicero, Suetonius, and Plutarch.


The lack of contemporary Gallic written accounts means our understanding remains heavily influenced by Caesar's Roman perspective, creating an inherently biased historical record.




With that in mind, here the Gallic Wars in a little bit more detail:

In 58 BC, Caesar defeated the Helvetii in the
Battle of Bibracte.

In 57 BC, the Nervii, the Viromandui, and the Atrebates were defeated at the Battle of the Sabis, which corresponds to the modern River Selle.

In 56 BC, Julius Caesar destroyed the huge fleet of the Veneti in  Quiberon Bay.


Gaul
1st Century BC Gaul


Map of Caesar's Campaign Against the Helvetii 58 BC
Map of Caesar's Campaign Against the Helvetii 58 BC


Caesar in Gaul - MAP - 57 BC
September 58 BC - Battle at Mulhouse

Map 57 BC Caesar's Campaign Against the Belgae
57 BC Caesar's Campaign Against the Belgae

57 BC / 56 BC Caesar's Campaign Against the Belgae
57 BC / 56 BC Caesar's Campaign Against the Belgae


Battle of the Sabis 57 BC - MAP
Map of the Battle of the Sabis 57 BC




RAIDS ON BRITAIN   ... and the Gallic Wars continue

In 55 B.C. Julius Caesar led raids on Germany and Britain. In 54 B.C. followed his second raid on Britain on which occasion the Catuvellauni were defeated.

Roman Britain 410
CAESAR'S ROUTES IN BRITAIN
Click map to enlarge


Here is more on
Roman Britain

 

In 54 / 53 BC followed Ambiorix's revolt:

Ambiorix, a chieftain of the Eburones, ambushed and destroyed 15 Roman cohorts, which were led by Quintus Titurius Sabinus and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta. The ambush took place at Atuatuca Tungrorum, which is modern-day Tongeren in Belgium.

More here.


In 52 BC, Caesar had to deal with another Gallic crisis, a Gallic revolt led by
  Vercingetorix .

The Romans lost the
Battle of Gergovia, but Julius Caesar had again everything under control later that year after the Siege of Alesia, in which he employed the innovative double-walled circumvallation.

The double-walled circumvallation was a revolutionary military engineering achievement that trapped Vercingetorix's Gallic forces between two concentric fortification systems:

  1. Inner wall (circumvallation): 11 miles of fortifications surrounding Alesia, preventing Vercingetorix's army from escaping.

  2. Outer wall (contravallation): 13 miles of defenses facing outward to repel the massive Gallic relief army.

    Both walls featured:
    • Trenches (some filled with water)
    • Wooden palisades and ramparts
    • Towers every 80 feet
    • Stimuli (buried spikes)
    • Lilies (concealed pits with sharpened stakes)
    • Cippi (tree trunks with sharpened branches)

This dual-wall system allowed Caesar's outnumbered force (45,000-60,000 Romans vs. 80,000 trapped Gauls plus 250,000 relief forces) to effectively fight on two fronts simultaneously, eventually forcing Vercingetorix's surrender after failed breakout attempts and the defeat of the relief army.



54 BC Outbreak of the Gallic Revolt
54 BC Outbreak of the Gallic Revolt

Gallic Revolt 53-52 BC
53-52 BC Gallic Revolt

52 BC Siege of Gergovia - Part One
52 BC Siege of Gergovia - Part One

52 BC Siege of Gergovia - Part Two
52 BC Siege of Gergovia - Part Two

52 BC Siege of Gergovia - Part Three
52 BC Siege of Gergovia - Part Three

52 BC Siege of Gergovia - Part Four
52 BC Siege of Gergovia - Part Four

Map of Gaul in 52 BC: From Gergovia to Alesia
52 BC Gaul: From Gergovia to Alesia

Siege of Alesia 52 BC - MAP
52 BC Siege of Alesia


 

To recap:

:: Why Were the Gallic Wars Fought? ::

According to Caesar's own account in his "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" (Commentaries on the Gallic War), he presented multiple justifications for his military campaign, but the most prominent initial reason he gave was to protect the Aedui, who were officially recognized as "friends and allies of the Roman people" (amici et socii populi Romani).

Caesar specifically cited the migration of the Helvetii tribe as the immediate trigger for his intervention, claiming they posed a threat to Roman allies, particularly the Aedui. He also mentioned concerns about Ariovistus, a Germanic leader who had been harassing the Aedui and other Gallic tribes.

While Caesar publicly framed his actions as defensive and protective of Rome's allies, historians generally agree that his personal motivations included gaining military glory, wealth, and political power — as well as addressing his enormous personal debts.

The expansion of Roman territory and influence was also a significant factor.

:: Major Battles of the Gallic Wars (58-50 BC) ::

  • 58 BC
    • Battle of the Arar (modern Saône River) against the Helvetii
    • Battle against the Helvetii (near Bibracte)
    • Battle against Ariovistus and the Suebi (Alsace)
  • 57 BC
    • Battle of the Axona (Aisne River) against the Belgae
    • Battle of the Sabis (Selle River) against the Nervii
    • Siege of the Aduatuci stronghold
  • 56 BC
    • Naval battle against the Veneti (Bay of Quiberon)
    • Campaign against the Aquitani
  • 55 BC
    • Battles against Germanic tribes (Usipetes and Tencteri)
    • First expedition to Britain - skirmishes near Kent
  • 54 BC
    • Second expedition to Britain - defeat of Cassivellaunus
    • Attack on Quintus Cicero's camp by the Nervii
    • Battles against Ambiorix and the Eburones
  • 53 BC
    • Punitive campaigns against the Eburones
    • Defeat of Indutiomarus and the Treveri
  • 52 BC
    • Siege of Vellaunodunum
    • Siege of Cenabum (Orléans)
    • Siege of Avaricum (Bourges)
    • Siege of Gergovia (Caesar's defeat)
    • Battle of Lutetia
    • Battle of Alesia (decisive victory against Vercingetorix)
  • 51-50 BC
    • Siege of Uxellodunum (last significant resistance)


And here you can read The Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar, translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn.



ROMAN CIVIL WAR 49 - 45 B.C.

The civil war between Caesar and the Pompeian party.


Roman Civil War - MAP - 49-45 BC
Map of the Roman Civil War 49-45 BC


Julius Caesar was a member of the
 First Triumvirate. However, this political agreement failed him and so did his net of supporters in Rome. In December 50 BC, Senate demanded that Caesar should lay down his command.

Caesar had other plans.

By Roman law a general and his army was not allowed to cross the borders out of his assigned province into the Roman Republic. Julius Caesar was ready to revise this custom, and on January 10, 49 BC, he crossed the tiny river Rubicon with his troops, heading for Rome.

Map Location of the Rubicon River
Map Location of the Rubicon River
Click map to enlarge

 

As expected, Rome saw this as an act of aggression and the Roman Civil War begun.

Caesar drove Pompeius (Pompey) out of Italy, conquered his enemy's forces in Spain by means of his Campaign of Ilerda, and then passed into Greece, where Pompeius and the other aristocratic chiefs had assembled a large army.

48 BC Roman Civil War: Opening Moves
Roman Civil War: Opening Moves 48 BC


Roman Civil War: Antony's Arrival 48 BC
48 BC - March 27- April 3 - Roman Civil War: Antony's Arrival


Roman Civil War: Scipio's Arrival 48 BC
Roman Civil War: Scipio's Arrival 48 BC


Roman Civil War: Movements During April 48 BC
Roman Civil War: Movements During April 48 BC


Roman Civil War: Operations Around Durazzo - July 6, 48 BC
Roman Civil War: Operations Around Durazzo - July 6, 48 BC


Roman Civil War: Battle of Dyrrachium - July 9, 48 BC
Roman Civil War: Battle of Dyrrachium - July 9, 48 BC

 

On August 9, 48 BC, Caesar delivered a decisive victory at the great Battle of Pharsalia, also called Battle of Pharsalus.


Map of the Moves to Pharsalus - 48 BC
48 BC Roman Civil War: Moves to Pharsalus


Map of the Battle of Pharsalus 48 BC
48 BC Battle of Pharsalus


Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus August 9, 48 BC - Caesar Creates a Fourth Line
Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus August 9, 48 BC - Caesar Creates a Fourth Line


Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus August 9, 48 BC - Initial Advances
Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus August 9, 48 BC - Initial Advances


Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus August 9, 48 BC - Pompey's Cavalry Breaks Through
Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus August 9, 48 BC - Pompey's Cavalry Breaks Through


Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus August 9, 48 BC - Caesar's Counter-Attack
Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus August 9, 48 BC - Caesar's Counter-Attack


Pompeius fled for refuge to Alexandria, where he was assassinated. Caesar, who had followed him, got involved in a war with the Egyptians, in which he was finally victorious.

The celebrated  Cleopatra was made Queen of Egypt and in the year 48 B.C. while in Alexandria, Egypt, Julius Caesar and Cleopatra became real good friends.

In 47 BC, Caesar marched into Pontus, and defeated the son of  Mithridates, Pharnaces II, who had taken part in the war against him at the Battle of Zela.

He then went back to Rome and afterwards proceeded to the Roman province of Africa, where some of the Pompeian chiefs had established themselves, aided by Juba, a native prince.

In 46 BC, Caesar overthrew them at the  Battle of Thapsus and went back home to Rome. He was again obliged to lead an army into Spain, where the sons of Pompeius had collected the wrecks of their father's party.

On March 17, 45 BC, Caesar crushed the last of his enemies at the Battle of Munda, which ended the Civil War.

Julius won the Roman Civil War and became ruler of the Roman Republic in the fashion of dictator.

 

Julius Caesar's Assassination, Death & Legacy

A conspiracy among several aristocrats resulted in the assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar. He was stabbed to death on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 B.C. in the Senate House.

 What in the world are the ides?


Some of the conspirators were his closest friends, for instance Brutus.

 Check out Assassinations in History.


After Julius's assassination, his nephew and adopted son
 Augustus Caesar (Gaius Octavius) became the first Roman Emperor. Not until after Augustus's death succeeding Roman rulers named themselves Caesar and used it as a title.

Caesar was used as a title of emperors down to Hadrian, who died in 138 A.D.

After Julius' death, the Civil wars are soon renewed, Brutus and Cassius being at the head of the aristocratic party, and the party of Caesar being led by  Mark Antony and Octavianus Caesar, afterwards Augustus.

Then in 42 BC - the defeat and death of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. Dissensions soon break out between Octavianus Caesar and Antony.

 

Julius Caesar's Children

Julius had a daughter named Julia by Cornelia. He also had a son named Caesarion (the later Ptolemy XV) by  Cleopatra VII.

 

Rome's Expansion

Here is the map:

Rome's Expansion 264 BC - 180 AD
MAP BEFORE AND AFTER GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR
Click to enlarge


 

Julius Caesar and the Calendar

In Julius's honor, the Roman calendar month Quintilis was renamed July, as it was the month of his birth. Was this done during his lifetime or after his death? Historians can't agree.

Julius also made calendar reforms. We are still using the Julian calendar today but  Pope Gregory XIII made some amendments in the year 1582 A.D. Thus, we are calling it the  Gregorian calendar.


 

Caesar Salad
 

Julius was not responsible for our Caesar Salad.

Allegedly, the salad was invented by a Mexican Restaurant owner. Here is a   good looking Caesar salad recipe.



Julius Caesar's Writings

  You can read Julius's writings online for free in Latin and English side by side

Caesar wrote De bello Gallico and De bello civili.

The Bellum Alexandrinium, on the wars of 47 BC, De bello Africo, and De bello Hispaniensi are all anonymous but contemporary with Caesar and usually included with his works.

 

Julius Caesar Quoted

  • "Et tu, Brute?" ("You too, Brutus?") were Caesar's famous last words when he realized that his close companion was involved in the plot to assassinate him.

    Please note - this is a legendary quote, which means Caesar probably didn't actually say these exact words. But Shakespeare decided he did. See Act III, Scene 1, of Julius Caesar, which has Caesar utter these words as his final line when he sees Brutus among his assassins.

    Thanks John for your request to clarify this!

    In fact, Shakespeare's play "Julius Caesar" (1599), was written over 1,600 years after Caesar's assassination.

    Ancient historical sources closest to the event (Plutarch, Suetonius) report different final words. According to Suetonius, Caesar said nothing. Plutarch suggests he may have said something in Greek to Brutus, possibly "καὶ σὺ, τέκνον" ("You too, my child?").

  • "Veni, vidi, vici" ("I came, I saw, I conquered") is Julius's description of his swift victory of the Battle of Zela, which he fought against a local king, Pharnaces II, in Anatolia in 47 B.C. Unlike "Et tu, Brute," this phrase is historically documented, it is recorded by Plutarch and Suetonius.

    → Pronunciation of "vici":
    • Classical Latin: "WEE-kee" (with a hard 'k' sound)
    • Ecclesiastical Latin: "VEE-chee" (with a 'ch' sound like in "church")
    The classical pronunciation is closest to how Caesar would have said it.

    In more detail:

    Classical vs. Ecclesiastical Latin Pronunciation of "Vici"
    The difference between these two pronunciations reflects the evolution of Latin over time and its varying uses across history.

    Classical Latin Pronunciation ("WEE-kee")
    This is how Julius Caesar himself would have pronounced "vici" in the 1st century BC:
    • The letter 'v' in Classical Latin was pronounced like our modern 'w' sound
    • The first 'i' is pronounced as a long "ee" sound
    • The 'c' is always hard like our 'k' sound
    • The final 'i' is another long "ee" sound
    So when Caesar triumphantly declared "Veni, vidi, vici," it would have sounded approximately like "WAY-nee, WEE-dee, WEE-kee" with emphasis on the first syllable of each word.

    Ecclesiastical Latin Pronunciation ("VEE-chee")
    This developed much later (around the 3rd-7th centuries AD) and became standardized in church usage:

    The letter 'v' shifted to sound like our modern 'v'
    The 'c' before 'i' softened to a "ch" sound (like in "cheese")
    The vowels remained similar

    This pronunciation emerged as Latin evolved and became the liturgical language of the Catholic Church. It's heavily influenced by Italian phonology.

    The shift from Classical to Ecclesiastical pronunciation happened gradually as the Roman Empire transformed. By the time Latin became primarily a scholarly and religious language rather than a vernacular one, the pronunciation had already evolved significantly.

    The Classical pronunciation has been reconstructed through careful linguistic analysis of poetry (where meter reveals pronunciation), descriptions by ancient grammarians, spelling variations in inscriptions, and comparisons with other Indo-European languages.

    When scholars, historians, or Latin enthusiasts aim for historical accuracy in representing Caesar's famous phrase, they use the Classical pronunciation.

 

Julius Caesar and Shakespeare

As mentioned above, in AD 1599,  Shakespeare wrote a tragedy in five acts, named Julius Caesar, which you can read online for free on this site.

 

Julius Caesar and the Opera

In 1724, German born composer  Georg Friedrich Händel presented his opera Julius Caesar in Egypt.


Julius Caesar and the C-Section

The etymology of the term "caesarean section" (also spelled "cesarean") derives from the Latin verb "caedere," meaning "to cut."

As in:

"Hodie arbores in horto caedere debeo."

(Today I must cut down the trees in the garden.)


"Caesus" is the past participle of "caedere."

Therefore, a caesarean section literally translates to a "cutting operation."


:: Connection to Roman Law ::

The procedure was mentioned in Roman law during the time of Numa Pompilius (715-673 BC), long before Julius Caesar was born.

This law, known as Lex Caesarea, required that if a pregnant woman died, the child should be cut from her womb in an attempt to save it.

Therefore, the procedure derived its name from this law rather than from Julius Caesar.


Was Julius Caesar born by this procedure?

Highly unlikely.

No contemporary Roman sources mention Caesar being born this way.

In ancient times, caesarean sections were typically performed only on dying or dead women, as the survival rate for the mother was extremely low without modern surgical techniques. And Julius Caesar's mother, Aurelia, lived for many years after his birth and was known to have been alive during his adulthood.


JC's Name

The cognomen "Caesar" was hereditary within the Julian family, and Caesar's father and grandfather also bore the name.

In Roman naming conventions, it was the third part of Gaius Julius Caesar's full name:

Praenomen: Gaius (personal name)
Nomen: Julius (clan or gens name)
Cognomen: Caesar (family branch within the gens)

During his lifetime, it was not a title. It was only after his death and the rise of his adopted son Octavian (later Augustus) that "Caesar" began its transformation into a title for emperors.


 

Julius Caesar's timeline.

 

 

More History



Previous Page

Fyodor II
 


Back to

First Page

Back to
People in History
Main Page

 



Next Page

Galileo Galilei
 


 



People in History A - Z
 

 

People in History by Group


Explorers, Scientists & Inventors

Musicians, Painters & Artists

Poets, Writers & Philosophers

Native Americans & The Wild West

First Ladies

Popes

Troublemakers

Historians

Archaeologists

Royal Families

Tribes & Peoples

 



King John of England 1167-1216

 

Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible 1530 - 1584

 

Adolf Hitler 1889 - 1945

 

 

Famous Speeches in History
Browse the speech archive:

Speeches by Topic A-Z

Speeches by Speaker A-Z

Speeches in Chronological Order

Speeches Given by Women

Speeches Given by African-Americans

Speeches Given by U.S. Presidents





Wars, Battles & Revolutions in History




 

Online History Dictionary A - Z

Online History Dictionary A - Z

 


Greco-Persian Wars
Also called the Persian Wars, the Greco-Persian Wars were fought for almost half a century from 492 to 449 BC. Greece won against enormous odds. Here is more:

Battle of Marathon
Battle of Thermopylae
Battle of Salamis
Battle of Plataea


 


HISTORY

Mexican Revolution

The Mexican Revolution


Check out the
Timelines of the Mexican Revolution

Mexico's transition from dictatorship to constitutional republic translated into ten messy years of skirmishing in Mexican history.

More from the Mexican Revolution:

Pancho Villa

Emiliano Zapata

Francisco I. Madero

Causes of the Mexican Revolution

Women in the Mexican Revolution

Summary of the Mexican Revolution

 

Gilgamesh - His City, His People, His Epic

 

About Mata Hari

 

The Divine Almanac
Who all roamed the heavens in olden times? The Who's Who of ancient gods.

Check out the Divine Almanac

 

 

The Ancient Greeks in a Nutshell

 


All Things Nixon

 

Ever Wondered How to
Tutor a Problem Child?

Observe and learn from Seneca.

Suicide optional.

 

Fall of the Bastille - July 14, 1789

 

Joan of Arc in a Nutshell

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

French Revolution - Its Causes, Its Victims, Its Effects

     
 


People in History

People in History A

People in History B

People in History Ca - Char

People in History Chas - Cz

People in History D

People in History E

People in History F

People in History G

People in History H

People in History I

People in History J - K

People in History L

People in History M

People in History N - O

People in History P - Q

People in History R

People in History S

People in History T

People in History U - Z


Explorers, Scientists & Inventors

Musicians, Painters & Artists


Poets, Writers & Philosophers

Native Americans & The Wild West

First Ladies

Popes

Troublemakers

Historians

Archaeologists

Royal Families

Tribes & Peoples

 


Wars, Battles & Revolutions

Wars & Revolutions A

Wars & Revolutions B - E

Wars & Revolutions F - G

Wars & Revolutions H - J

Wars & Revolutions K - O

Wars & Revolutions P - R

Wars & Revolutions S - Z

Wars & Revolutions Chronological

Battles A - C

Battles D - G

Battles H - L


Battles M - P

Battles Q - Z

Battles Ancient Times - 1499

Battles 1500 - 1699

Battles 1700 - 1799

Battles 1800 - 1899

Battles 1900 - Today
 


Miscellaneous

History Dictionary A - F

History Dictionary G - Z

Source Text - By Title

Source Text - By Author

Historic Documents A - K

Historic Documents L - Z

Historic Documents Chronological

Music in History

History Movies

Research

Bored?

Kids & History

Browse

About Us

Write Me

 


Sitemaps

Sitemap 01   Sitemap 02   Sitemap 03    Sitemap 04   Sitemap 05   Sitemap 06  
Sitemap 07   Sitemap 08   Sitemap 09    Sitemap 10   Sitemap 11   Sitemap 12
Sitemap 13   Sitemap 14   Sitemap 15    Sitemap 16   Sitemap 17   Sitemap 18
Sitemap 19   Sitemap 20   Sitemap 21    Sitemap 22   Sitemap 23   Sitemap 24


Site Search

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL

 

© 2016 Emerson Kent