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History Dictionary I - N


 




I

Ides

PRONOUNCE IDES

In the Roman calendar the Ides were the middle of a month: the 15th of March or May or July or October or the 13th of any other month.  Julius Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March 44 BC, or on March 15, 44 BC.




 

Impressment
Rather brusque but legal recruitment method of the British Royal Navy, and one of the reasons the
War of 1812 was fought. The practice ceased after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars

Today, in the United States, it's called kidnapping and forced labor, and you get 20 to life.

More about impressment from the glossary of the War of 1812

Impressment escalated: the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Impressment - Main article




 

Indo-European
Indo-European dialects are dialects of a foundation language which originated somewhere on the southern border of Europe and Asia and spread eastwards and south-eastwards into Asia and westwards into Europe. Or so we read in The Celts: a history by Dáithí Ó hÓgáin




 

Inquisition
Invitation to convert to Catholicism.

 MORE ABOUT THE INQUISITION




 

Issus
Historic spot in Turkey.

 MORE ABOUT ISSUS




 J 

Jacobin
A radical revolutionary in France.

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: JACOBIN




   

Jourdan-Delbrel Law
Military conscription becomes mandatory in France in 1798.

MORE ABOUT THE JOURDAN-DEBREL LAW




K

Khmer Rouge
Cambodian native or communist.

 MORE ABOUT KHMER ROUGE




L 

La Plaine
Moderate majority in the National Convention.

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: LA PLAINE




 

Languages
The stuff we say and why we say it the way we do.

 MORE ABOUT THE ROOTS AND HISTORY OF LANGUAGES




  

Legislative Assembly
From October 1, 1791, to September 21, 1792, the Legislative Assembly, (French Assemblée Législative) was the government of France, succeeding the
National Constituent Assembly and preceding the National Convention.

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY




  

Lettre de cachet
A letter from the King of France issuing a one-time order. The order was final, no discussion, no appeal. The lettre de cachet was authenticated with the King's personal seal and not the seal of the state.

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: LETTRE DE CACHET




 

Liberty Tree
The Liberty Tree or Freedom Tree was a symbol of freedom that was planted in the spirit of the American or the French Revolution.

Sometimes, these trees were already cut. Sometimes, they were living trees.

Either way, these trees were a political symbol and represented something along the lines of "liberty, fraternity, and equality."

Here is a frolicking crowd dancing around a liberty tree in the Rhineland around 1793:

Freiheit and Gleichheit = Freedom and Equality, and a Liberty Tree
Freiheit and Gleichheit = Freedom and Equality, and a Liberty Tree
Reason enough to let the hair down in the market place
Académie de Lille




 

Limes
A Roman road, later border.

See more at limes under Roman Britain.




 

Lotharingia
Another word for Lorraine. Named after king Lothair who was king of Lotharingia 855 - 869.




M

Man-of-war
An armed warship. Unless you talk about a Portuguese man-of-war, which is a jellyfish. It gets rather tricky when you try to refer to a Portuguese armed warship.




 

Manhattan Project
Successful atomic bomb research.

 MORE ABOUT THE MANHATTAN PROJECT




   

Maréchal de France
Highest military rank in France.

MORE ABOUT THE MARECHAL DE FRANCE




 

Mayflower
Vessel of the year 1620.

 MORE ABOUT THE MAYFLOWER




 

Mediatization 
or Mediatisation. Annexation of smaller states. If you were a sovereign of a smaller German state in the early 1800s, you had a good chance to get legally mediatized, or mediatised.

 MORE ABOUT THE GERMAN MEDIATIZATION OF THE 1800'S




 

Medising
If you were medising in ancient Greece, you were sympathetic to Media and the Medes, or more to the point, you were in favor of the ruling Persians, because in 550 BC,
 Cyrus II the Great had made Media part of the  Persian Empire. The noun is medism.

 SEE A MAP OF MEDISING STATES IN ANCIENT GREECE




 

Messidor
meaning harvest. Tenth month in the French Republican Calendar, from June 19 to July 18.

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: FRENCH REPUBLICAN CALENDAR




 

Microhistory
Also spelled micro history. The study of history on a very small scale; a certain subject-matter is singled out. More info from
 Microhistory.org.

The opposite is macro history which treats history on a large scale, e.g. world history, the big picture.




 

Middle Ages
The Middle Ages refer to a time period in European history from around the 5th century to the 14th century.

Things related to the Middle Ages are medieval, which you can also spell mediaeval.

Part of the Middle Ages were the Dark Ages, the time roughly between the years 500 and 1000.




 

Mir
The mir is a Russian community council.




 

Miranda Rights
All about Ernest Miranda and the right to remain silent.

 MORE ABOUT THE MIRANDA RIGHTS




 

Mithra
Mithra was an ancient warrior god of sun and light in Persia and India. In India it was called Mitra. The god was in popular demand from the 5th century B.C. until the 3rd century A.D. In Latin and Greek it was called Mithras.

Interestingly, the Mithraists celebrated the birth of Mithra on December 25.
 Mithradates VI Eupator was named after this god.

See also Divine Almanac.




  

Montagnard
A Jacobin in the National Convention.

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: MONTAGNARD




 

Mummies
Esthetically preserved dead bodies, more or less.


 MORE ABOUT MUMMIES




 

Mur des Fermiers Généraux
The Paris city wall built by tax collectors in a fight against smugglers.

See also WALL OF THE FARMERS-GENERAL




N 

National Assembly
The first French revolutionary parliament (June 17 to July 9, 1789).

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: NATIONAL ASSEMBLY




  

National Constituent Assembly
The National Assembly was renamed National Constituent Assembly to emphasize the importance of a written constitution (July 9, 1789 to until September 30, 1791).

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY




  

National Convention
French government from September 1792 until October 1795.

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: NATIONAL CONVENTION




 

New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt's measures against the Great Depression.

 MORE ABOUT THE NEW DEAL




 

Nivôse
meaning snow. Fourth month in the French Republican Calendar, from December 21 to January 19.

See also GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: FRENCH REPUBLICAN CALENDAR




 

Nobel Prize
Award initiated by Swedish inventor
Alfred Bernhard Nobel.

 MORE ABOUT THE NOBEL PRIZE




 

Numbers and Numerals
Count with ancient sticks OR

Arabic Numerals, Babylonian Numerals, Chinese Numerals, Egyptian Numerals, Greek Numerals, Hebrew Numerals, Roman Numerals.

Knock yourselves out.

 MORE ABOUT NUMBERS AND NUMERALS




 

 


 

More History


 




 

Communism
 

Huguenots
 

Mayflower
 

Mummies

 


Famous Speeches in History
Browse the speech archive:

Speeches by Topic A-Z

Speeches by Speaker A-Z

Speeches in Chronological Order

Speeches Given by Women

Speeches Given by African-Americans

Speeches Given by U.S. Presidents


 

Attila the Hun
More about the greatest of all Barbarian rulers:

Attila short biography
Map of Attila's empire
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
Who were the Huns?
 


Greco-Persian Wars
Also called the Persian Wars, the Greco-Persian Wars were fought for almost half a century from 492 to 449 BC. Greece won against enormous odds. Here is more:

Battle of Marathon
Battle of Thermopylae
Battle of Salamis
Battle of Plataea


 


HISTORY

Mexican Revolution

The Mexican Revolution


Check out the
Timelines of the Mexican Revolution

Mexico's transition from dictatorship to constitutional republic translated into ten messy years of skirmishing in Mexican history.

More from the Mexican Revolution:

Pancho Villa

Emiliano Zapata

Francisco I. Madero

Causes of the Mexican Revolution

Women in the Mexican Revolution

Summary of the Mexican Revolution

 

About Mata Hari

 

The Divine Almanac
Who all roamed the heavens in olden times? The Who's Who of ancient gods.

Check out the Divine Almanac

 


The Ancient Greeks in a Nutshell

 

American Timeline 1492-Today

 

Joan of Arc in a Nutshell

 

Governments of Rome
Governments of Rome

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

French Revolution - Its Causes, Its Victims, Its Effects

     
 


People in History

Historic People - Main

People in History A - C

People in History D - F

People in History G - I

People in History J - M

People in History N - Q

People in History R - Z

Royal Families

Tribes & Peoples

Explorers, Scientists & Inventors

Musicians, Painters & Artists

Poets, Writers & Philosophers

First Ladies

Native Americans & The Wild West

Troublemakers

Historians

Archaeologists

 


Wars, Battles & Revolutions

Wars & Revolutions A

Wars & Revolutions B - E

Wars & Revolutions F - G

Wars & Revolutions H - J

Wars & Revolutions K - O

Wars & Revolutions P - R

Wars & Revolutions S - Z

Wars & Revolutions Chronological

Battles A - C

Battles D - G

Battles H - L


Battles M - P

Battles Q - Z

Battles Ancient Times - 1499

Battles 1500 - 1699

Battles 1700 - 1799

Battles 1800 - 1899

Battles 1900 - Today

 


Miscellaneous

History Dictionary A - F

History Dictionary G - Z

Source Text - By Title

Source Text - By Author

Historic Documents A - Z

Historic Documents Chronological

Music in History

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